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In addition, a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan was conducted to assess FM and FFM on three occasions (baseline, restriction and AL phases).
Of 3534 persons who had baseline restriction, it is estimated that 68.8% (66.2%, 71.3%) would report continuing restriction in at least one aspect of life after 3 years.
The association with onset was stronger as baseline restriction increased for all aspects of life, other than for looking after dependents and for work and education.
Both incidence and persistence are also higher in women, especially in women aged 80 years and over, where half of those without restriction at baseline indicated at least one aspect of life restricted by three year follow-up, and 90% of women in this age-group with a baseline restriction continued to indicate restriction at three-year follow-up.
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In Table 5, we further relax our baseline restrictions by estimating the model separately on sub-samples of small and large firms.
Heart rate, blood pressure, salivary cortisol and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured after the baseline (BL), sleep restriction (SR) and recovery (REC) period.
Plasma insulin, HOMA, and leptin levels were also decreased by ∼30% below baseline by AGE restriction (Table 2, Fig. 1 A ).
For those with three-year persistence, the proportion that reported (i) the same number and same restrictions at baseline and follow-up, (ii) the same number but different restrictions at follow-up, (iii) a lower number at follow-up and (iv) a greater number at follow-up, were calculated.
Participants were randomized into 1 of 3 groups: control weight maintenance diet (C), 25% calorie restriction from baseline energy requirements (CR), and 12.5% calorie restriction plus 12.5% increase in energy expenditure by structured exercise on a stationary bike or treadmill 5 days per week (CREX).
The estimated proportion of 3431 participants with no restriction at baseline, who would report restriction at three-year follow-up was 29.8%95%5% confidence interval: 27.6%, 32.0%) (Table 2).
The estimated proportion of 3534 participants with any restriction at baseline, who would report restriction at three-year follow-up was 68.8% (66.2%, 71.3%).
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