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This type of information is typically most accurately captured based upon self-report.
The subjective data in the present study were based upon self-report, and any significant association could reflect an underlying disposition of negative affectivity, which in turn could lead to an overestimation of the true association between different self-reported outcomes [37].
All data were based upon self-report.
Participants were not blinded to their allocation and the outcome measures were based upon self-report instruments.
From baseline to year 7, 183 (10.8%) participants developed diabetes based upon self-report, medication use, or HbA1c ≥6.5%.
Duration of diabetes was based upon self-report from the survey (categorized as ≤10 or >10 years).
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First, our assessment of increases or decreases in attained height in birth cohort differences is based upon self-reports of current age.
Smoking was assessed at the time of spirometry; patients were classified as never/former or current based upon self report.
Another limitation of the study is that MoBa is based upon self-reporting.
Other medical conditions such as; deep vein thrombosis, peripheral artery disease, and stroke were based upon self-reports.
Our study was very narrowly defined to address student and facilitator perceptions of facilitator behavior, based upon self-reports of use of online information resources.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com