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In 1982, owners began blood-typing their horses, and by 1990, genetic testing found that "compared with other draft breeds and based upon gene marker data, the Creams form a distinct group within the draft horses".
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For example, our investigation did not include biochemical measurements, such as indicators of systemic inflammation [ 73], or markers based upon gene expression in blood cells [ 109], or genotype information derived from single nucleotide polymorphisms [ 110].
Despite a genomic revolution in biological sciences, clinical medicine has yet to integrate diagnostics based upon gene expression into practice.
Arabidopsis contains 47 HD-Zip genes that are grouped into four distinct subfamilies based upon gene structure and function.
Our determinations were made based upon gene annotations (see Methods and Figure 1 for details).
Studies based upon single marker genes in an organism-by-organism setting will not elucidate such patterns, because a coupling of functional trait-based approaches and taxonomic contexts is required to observe fine-grained diversity and related community functionality.
To classify a particular single cell as a developing RGC based upon its gene expression profile, genes strongly associated with the RGC marker neurofilament light (NF68) were determined.
Contigs that contained a genetic marker were considered anchored and assigned to a linkage group based upon that marker.
It must be emphasized that this population genetic analysis was based upon marker sets that were designed for forensic purposes, and that shared several markers.
This analysis is based upon two molecular markers, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b and the first intron of the ribosomal protein S7 gene.
The parasites isolated from these chimpanzees were identified as P. malariae based on two gene markers.
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