The mean base surface area of the brackets was calculated by measuring the length and width with a digital caliper (Digimatic, Mitutoyo Co., Kawasaki, Japan) and computing the area [15].
Such a diagram provides performance comparisons of pin fins with respect to two operating parameters: the heat transfer rate per unit base surface area and the power input for the same area.
where S lv,W-h and S ls,W-h represent the liquid-vapor interface area and the liquid-solid interface area, ( {A}_{mathrm{W}hbox mathrm{h}}=pi {R}_{mathrm{W}}^2{ sin}^2{theta}_{mathrm{W}hbox mathrm{h}} ) denotes the projected droplet base surface area, and R W and V W-h are the droplet radii and volume in the Wenzel model, respectively.
where S lv,CB-h and S ls,CB-h refer to the liquid-vapor interface area and the liquid-solid interface area, respectively, ( {A}_{mathrm{CB}hbox mathrm{h}}=pi {R}_{mathrm{CB}}^2{ sin}^2{theta}_{mathrm{CB}hbox mathrm{h}} ) denotes the projected droplet base surface area, and R CB and V CB-h are the droplet radii and volume in the Cassie-Baxter model, respectively.
Assume a stationary spherical cell (radius 5 µm, surface area of 2D image ∼78 µm2) that extends a pseudopod of 5 µm long and 3 µm wide at its base (surface area ∼7.5 µm2).
Diffusion charging-based surface area for spherical particles was measured and compared with geometric surface area in the submicrometer size ranging from 100 to 900 nm.
Comparison of the DC-based surface area with theoretical active surface area resulted in reasonable agreement within ±30%, indicating that the DCs underestimate geometric surface area of particles.
Comparison of the corrected DC-based surface area to Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET -measured surface area indicated that the DC surface area reasonaBET -measuredth the BET value for the particlesurfaced except carean nanofindicatedh 300 nm modal diamethat
The deviation of the DC-based surface area from the geometric surface area was quantitatively measured and was found to be up to 94% in the size range studied.
For the PMN data discussed in Figure 3A, the BET-based surface area provides reasonable but not optimum stretching.
According to the data presented in Figure 3C, dose stretching is not sufficient using the size-based surface area as a dose metric.
