We have previously shown that central arterial stiffness is higher in GOLD 3 4 than in non-COPD [ 35] also in a population based study, which is in line with the current findings of IHD being most prevalent in GOLD 3 4.
Traditionally, companies collect demographic and behavioral data from customers through questionnaire based studies, which are drawn from small population samples [1].
Hospital based studies, which are commonly reported from developing countries, presumably provide a representative picture of the prevalence and incidence of serious injury, but only a partial picture of the circumstances in which injuries occur.
Moreover, the school based studies included in this analysis were carried out after 1990 except only one study [ 72] where as out of sixteen community based studies which were included in this analysis, twelve were before 1990 and only four studies were after 1990.
SHIP [22] is a population-based study which was designed to assess a broad range of health and quality of life indicators in the north-east region of Germany after the reunification.
A cross-sectional design was adopted for this questionnaire-based study, which was conducted in April-May 2007. April-May 2007
This was because height and weight could not be feasibly measured in this large population-based study, which was performed in underresourced settings.
6 The major error rate was 9% in this hospital-based study, which was similar with previous national study in Taiwan (11%).
The findings are also concordant with the results of Collins et al's (2009) questionnaire-based study, which was conducted in the United States throughout breast cancer patients' decision-making pathway.
Undergraduate students attending one large university in Ireland, University College Cork (UCC), were eligible for inclusion in the classroom-based study which was focused on health and lifestyle with particular reference to alcohol consumption.
