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Our earlier hospital based study estimated the sensitivity and specificity of foot length <8 cm to predict low birth weight (<2500 g) to be 0.87 and 0.60 respectively [ 12].
A review of population based studies estimated that a mean proportion of 9.7% of adolescents report a life-time suicide attempt [ 1].
Molecular data based studies estimates suggest a ~115 My split for primates-rodents divergence [ 20] and a ~130 My split for paleo-neognathae birds [ 21, 22].
Prevalence-based studies estimate the costs of all disease cases (new as well as pre-existing) in a given year.
Incidence-based studies estimate the lifetime costs of a disease from its onset to its termination, which include the discounted morbidity and mortality costs for the incident cohort, usually calculated based on the year when the disease first appeared.
Population-based studies estimate the prevalence of OSA to be approximately 3 to 7% for adult males and 2 to 5% for adult females in the general population [ 1- 4].
Here we report on a community based study to estimate the reliability of a simple foot length measurement tool used by community volunteers to identify low birth weight or premature babies born at home in the first days of life.
A large Norwegian population based study, the Hordaland Health Study, estimated the point prevalence percentage of pSS in individuals aged 40 44 years at 0.44 (95% CI 0.34 0.57) using the European criteria, and 0.22 (95% CI 0.15 0.32) using the revised criteria.
Population based studies are needed to estimate the unmet burden of elective surgical disease.
The two surveillance based studies reported estimates of 0.005% and 0.003% (Table 2).
On the other hand, population based studies have reported the cure fraction estimates for breast [ 5, 12, 19] and colorectal cancer [ 13, 20].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com