In addition, using a biochemical marker such as cotinine level in saliva, urine, or blood to confirm self-reported smoking status would have been useful, as smoking status based only on self-report show trends of underestimation [ 54].
As we described in the introduction, according to previous research based only on self-report, the rate of touch-typists is surprisingly low in Japan.
While a diagnosis based only on self-report is possible, such an approach may lead to underdiagnosis of ADHD and it may be more reliable to use information from informants as well [ 179].
Most of the literature is based only on self-report questionnaire [ 4, 16], with findings being extrapolated to reflect psychiatric diagnoses, whereas we were able to investigate sub-threshold psychopathology as well as diagnosed psychiatric disorders.
Third, the measure of child sipping/tasting was based only on self-reports.
Another limitation was that the results were based only on self-reports.
As the presence or absence of inflammatory and immune diseases were based only on self-reports, the results may have been affected by unrecognized inflammatory processes in some participants.
These data allowed us to apply controls based only on self-reports in other studies of chronic mortality (e.g., Hoek et al. 2002; Jerrett et al. 2005; Pope et al. 2002).
Of the 16 studies that reported benefit, six were based only on self-reported data (or provider or partner reported) and not on objective data or a validated reporting tool.
Typical is a recent study of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's (HHMI) Summer Institutes claiming to be "a model for transforming professional development" based only on participants' self-reporting of outcomes (Adams et al., 2012).
In the analysis, CSs were categorized as having CS with medical indications according to a reason confirmed from the medical record or without medical indications based only on women's self-report.
