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These variations can confound assessments of potential exposure health outcome associations based on urinary concentration.
Individual exposure was assessed based on urinary concentration of the sum of inorganic arsenic and the methylated metabolites, methylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), in early and late gestational periods.
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iAs metabolism status was classified based on urinary concentrations of methylarsonic acid (MA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA).
Based on urinary concentrations, the median daily intake of BPS was estimated as 1.67 μg/person in Japan and 0.339 μg/person in the US [ 39].
In fact, 82.4% of those classified as exposed to DINP would have been misclassified as unexposed based on urinary concentrations of MNP only.
However, possible variations in estimates based on urinary concentrations due to urine collection intervals will be averaged due to the availability of a large data set.
Exposure assessment was based on urinary concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in spot urine samples collected from pregnant women and their children at ages 1.5 and 5 years (25– 25).
Because of the relative ease of urine sampling compared with blood sampling, the greatest body of exposure literature is based on urinary concentrations of BPA after sampling of unintentionally exposed individuals.
Based on urinary concentrations of the oxidative metabolites of DINP in 102 German subjects between 6 and 80 years of age, the estimated median intake of DINP was 0.6 μg/kg/day (Wittassek and Angerer 2008); a previous estimate of < 1 μg/kg/day was based on the urinary concentrations of the less-sensitive biomarker of exposure to DINP, MNP (McKee et al. 2004).
Laboratory research suggests that BPA, a widely used chemical for polycarbonate plastics and other products, is an endocrine disruptor with potential adverse health effects involving reproduction, metabolism, and cancer., Median daily intake of the chemical through the diet is estimated to be 0.01 0.12 µg/kg body weight, based on urinary concentrations of BPA metabolites.
A recent study using representative data for the Canadian population showed no significant difference between national estimates of smoking prevalence based on self-report and those based on urinary cotinine concentration (smoking prevalence based on self-report was 0.3 percentage points lower than that based on urinary cotinine concentration) (48).
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