Table 1 includes an estimate of the percentage contribution to each subject's total serum TEQ from "extra" 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF, that is, the amount of 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF in each individual's serum above his or her predicted value based on the referent population after adjusting for age, age squared, and BMI.
Selection was based on the matching referent's numerical position in the random sequence and continued until the sample size was met (Sweeney et al. 1989).
To define rapid growth, weight at birth and at 6 months of age was standardized based on the World Health Organization referent (de Onis et al. 2009).
The index case had the greatest disparity between his serum concentration of 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF and the predicted value for someone of his age and BMI (42.5 ppt, or 4.29 studentized residuals above the predicted value based on the UMDES referent population).
Wittgenstein's "beetle" language-game in Philosophical Investigations suggest, in opposition of René Descartes, that based on the ambiguity of a referent (for example, "beetle"), there is no such thing as a private language, but language and reality fall solely in the public realm.
In the absence of occupational or familial exposure, environmental cases were assessed in relation to exposure to natural or industrial sources, mainly asbestos product manufacturing plants, based on the information collected from the referents of regional operational units and from the scientific literature.
According to the cross-modal theory (Thompson & Estes, 2011), sound symbolism developed systematically based on the physical properties of referents, the speech "gestures" found in a word (i.e., the shape created with the mouth when pronouncing a phoneme, such as the rounded mouth shape of/o/), and the frequency/pitch of the phonemes found in the word or emitted by the referent.
All continuous exposure variables were categorised into quartiles based on the distributions among controls, with the referent group comprised of individuals in the lowest category of intake.
The association between end-stage renal disease and each of the potential risk factors Ery-Cd, Ery-Pb, Ery-Hg, BMI, diabetes, smoking, and hypertension, were calculated using univariate conditional logistic regression based on the matched sets of cases and referents.
Weight and length were used to calculate the z-scores to evaluate growth compared to the WHO standard referent population which is based on the growth of healthy breastfed infants and young children raised in environments that do not constrain growth [ 86].
In each survey, the time referent used for the items is framed based on the timing of the proceeding follow-up survey (i.e. the baseline survey time referent is "the past/next four months" and the four and ten month follow-up surveys time referent is "the past/next six months").
