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The process-based model PipeQual is based on the pipe model theory (Shinozaki et al. 1964) and the theory of crown allometry (Mäkelä and Sievänen 1992).
Structural design is based on the pipe cross-section.
Structural design in general is based on the pipe cross section.
Secondly, networks are based on the pipe or flow model, which means that they function as distributors of information (Borgatti and Halgin 2011, p. 1172; Borgatti and Foster 2003, p. 1003; see also Burt 1992).
Based on the pipe element method above together with the standard BEM formula, to make the boundaries discrete, the coefficient matrix of each element is obtained by integral transformation (Brichau and Deconinck 1994).
An example is conducted for a process forest growth model based on the pipe model theory and the self-thinning rule applied to a stand of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait).
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The latter is based on the pipe-pipe spacing for each configuration, as shown in Fig. 8.
A semi-analytical method is developed which derives discrete transfers for the coupled tunnel soil model based on the continuous Pipe-in-Pipe method.
The speed of the take-off machine is set based on the required pipe thickness.
Reynolds number of about 30,600 is considered based on the conveying pipe's diameter (10.4cm) and upstream velocity (4.5m/s).
Bifurcating behavior was observed at a wide range of flow rates, ranging from very small flames of Reynolds number 240 up to turbulent lift-off, at Re = 1000, based on the inner pipe diameter.
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