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The first one is iterative, based on a three-step alternating least squares (ALS) algorithm, whereas the second one, denoted 2LSKP, is a closed-form solution based on the LS estimations of two Kronecker products.
It should be noted that the channel estimation schemes considered for the OFDM-based TWR networks in [10, 11, 13] are all based on the LS criterion.
One of them is based on the LS estimate of "pseudo-replicated" trees, whereas the second one proceeds by assessing bootstrap support of those trees (i.e., carries out secondary bootstrapping).
The acoustic map based on the LS criterion is computed as follows [17]: (3).
The conversion function based on the LS method was defined as: Fig. 1 Conversion function from PL (P) to NaI (N) devices N'=a P + b (1).
Also, a solution based on the LS algorithm applied to the observations in (7) was evaluated for the sake of comparison.
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Then, L-equidistance switch-box routing is discussed based on the L-equidistance channel routing.
This is achieved by employing the zeroth-order Tikhonov functional, while the choice of the regularization parameter is based on the L-curve method.
Next, comparison of PACL estimates, computed with VLIM with fully rendered light distributions throughout the canopy based on the L-systems, yielded a mean absolute error of 5.78%.
The adhesion of the poultice was measured based on the L-Peel test method using a Tensile and Compression Testing Machine.
The resulting system of linear algebraic equations is ill-conditioned and therefore its solution is regularised by employing the first-order Tikhonov functional, while the choice of the regularisation parameter is based on the L-curve method.
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