The economic rationale for this pricing scheme is based on the externalities or social costs of road transport, such as air pollution, noise, traffic accidents, environmental and urban deterioration, and the extra costs and delays imposed by traffic congestion upon other drivers when additional users enter a congested road.
This study aims to evaluate SCRM adoption based on the network externality theoretical framework, because it has been demonstrated to have substantial adoption impacts on related technologies, such as social media and CRM [38 40, 47, 48].
Regarding family planning services, the historical rationale for public involvement in family planning (FP) provision is based on the negative externalities associated with high rates of population growth.
One line of attack is based on the idea of "externalities" in investment; another concerns itself with the variety of additions to capital (as opposed to mere increases in quantity); yet another tries to take seriously Schumpeter's ideas (hitherto neglected in mainstream economic thought) on obsolescence and "creative destruction".
We report the results of a meta-analysis based on the literature on externalities from FDI.
Based on the analysis of the underlying vertical externalities, we show that channel coordination requires cost and revenue sharing via a revenue sharing rate and marketing effort participation rates on both manufacturer and retailer level.
A systematic techno-economic model is established, and a scenario analysis is carried out on the hybrid system to assess the economic competitiveness based on the considerations of various types of externalities.
The former is mainly of policy relevance; both for BCA in which today often the social cost of noise is ignored [19, 47] and for the pricing of the noise externality in transportation based on the social marginal cost principle [2, 3].
We then go beyond existing research, based on the TTF framework, by integrating it with network externalities that moderate the relationships between the TTF factors and adoption.
Based on the ANNs outputs, weights and bias, an equation to predict of velocity of sound in liquid water under intended externalities is proposed.
