Spread of the flagellate from infected to in-contact birds was detected after 5 days post-infection (dpi), based on the re-isolation of the protozoa.
Based on the pilot study at 4 dpi, depression and severely congested lungs and trachea were observed.
The dpi requirement may increase based on the quality level of the piece being printed, but 300 dpi is a good minimum standard.
The other three criteria dealing with the level of induced defence responses and pectin degradation were ranked based on the statistical classes given at 6 dpi for the aggressive isolates and at 12 dpi for the weak and non-aggressive isolates (Figs. 4B, 4C & 5B).
The two time points chosen (6 HPI and 10 DPI) were based on the previous observations of others concerning the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity to N. caninum in the mouse.
The lungs on 7 days post-infection (dpi) were scored using a modified damage scoring system [ 23] to ascertain that the mice suffered similar extents of damage, while lungs on 15 dpi were scored based on the area of recovery.
We assumed the infectious period to be 6 days, based on the same study, as 7/8 birds were shedding detectable virus 8 DPI, however only 1/8 chickens was shedding virus 11 DPI [ 27] (Pantin-Jackwood, personal communication).
Based on the present results, it can be concluded that use of a DPI leads to low lung deposition efficiencies because large amounts of drugs are deposited in the oral cavity.
However, all of these studies have been based on the inhibition of the oxidase activity by nonspecific agents such as DPI and apocynin, and the specificity of both these reagents has been questioned [60].
This is based on the fact that inhibitors of O2- production, such as diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and 4,5-dimethylphenylene diamine (DIMPDA), were shown to sequester PQQ in leukocytes, i.e., to form adducts with that substance.
