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Like Aristotle's scala naturae, Bates's Chain of Races charted the entire human species, based on the cranial features of all the races.
However, reference lines or planes based on the cranial base do not necessarily cross the midpalatal suture so that ANS or PNS fall either on the one side or on the other side of the vertical reference line/plane.
For the evaluation of facial structures in the frontal plane, 2D postero-anterior cephalometric analyses commonly utilize a reference line perpendicular to a line connecting the right and left frontozygomatic sutures and passing through Crista Galli of the ethmoid bone (Fig. 9a, b), and reference planes based on the cranial base have been described also in 3D cephalometric analyses [25].
Timing of dome inflation is probably highly variable based on the cranial patterns preserved in Stegoceras [4], [32] and Triceratops [15], [16].
The upper limit was defined based on the cranial extremity of seminal vesicles evaluated on preoperative CT or MRI.
Bauchot & Stephan [ 22] noted the evolution of reduced brain size in the dwarf Old World monkey Miopithecus talapoin and Martin [ 23] suggested relative brain size in great apes may have undergone a reduction based on the cranial capacity of the extinct hominoid Proconsul africanus.
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After normalization for lung size, changes in lung dimensions between inspiration and expiration were used for analysis; normalization was based on the cranial-caudal length ratio (representing vertical diaphragmatic displacement), and the anterior-posterior and left-right length ratios (representing chest-wall movements due to thoracic muscles).
Based on the analysis of cranial and dental remains, Humphrey and Stringer [29] suggest a minimum number of five individuals, while Hawkey [30] argues for a minimum number of seven individuals based on the lack of any clear association between the dental elements.
Assuming that this is the case in Triceratops (based on the fact that cranial elements from obvious juveniles lack the adult bone texture), and assuming the OTH is correct, finding definitive Triceratops skulls with "adult" bone texture across the entire parietal should not be likely.
In addition to endorsing focused treatment based on the type of cranial injury, most believe it is important to cool the patient to target temperature as quickly as possible, preferably within 4 to 6 hours after the injury.
The "function change" refers to the living lamprey, in which the muscle corresponding to the gnathostome "superior oblique" (based on the same innervation by cranial nerve 4, the trochlearis) has a posterior rather than anterior attachment and insertion on the eyeball.
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