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We have used the common analytical approach (based on synonymous codons alone) that looks at substitutions in the 3rd nucleotide position where most synonymous substitutions are found.
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The most widely used clocks based on synonymous substitutions aggregate many different types of synonymous substitutions.
GC3 comparisons are based on aligned synonymous codon positions with unchanged nucleotides in the first and in the second codon positions.
Computations were based on relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values which is the most common way to perform CA on codon usage data [ 6].
One group, the "up group", contained Ala, Asn, Asp, Glu, Lys, Met, and Phe because the frequencies of the amino acids in this group were significantly higher than their assumed frequencies based on the synonymous codon frequencies.
The other group, the "down group", included Arg, Cys, His, Pro, Ser, Thr, and Trp because the frequencies of the amino acids in this group were significantly lower than their assumed frequencies based on the synonymous codon frequencies.
Quantifying selection on synonymous codons is important for phylogenetic inference.
Different forms of natural selection on synonymous codons may thus compete for the synonymous state of the same codon.
Some questions with respect to selection on synonymous codons in plants thus remain unanswered. 1) Are synonymous codons under recent selection in plant genomes?
Evidence for selection on synonymous codons can be statistically evaluated with computational models.
There is also evidence suggesting that selection on synonymous codons has increased in P. tremula.
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