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Methods used to calculate risk estimates of mixtures were often based on single chemical information that required assumptions of dose-addition or response-addition and did not consider possible changes in response due to interaction effects among chemicals.
Thus, assessing reproductive risk based on single chemical effect might not faithfully represent the true outcome of mixture exposure during critical periods of male reproductive development.
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Still, says Foster, "I think one of our weaknesses is that we do these evaluations based on single chemicals.
The U.S. EPA Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund acknowledges that "simultaneous subthreshold exposure to several chemicals could result in an adverse health effect" such that estimates based on single chemicals might underestimate the overall risk (U.S. EPA 1989b).
Recent works on gas solid reactions are based on single-step chemical reaction models that have been increasing in complexity through the use of more regression parameters to fit experimental data.
The proton micro-beam of the CNA accelerator in Seville has been used to test two detectors based on single crystal diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition.
In order to improve the performance of existing technologies based on single crystal diamond grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD), and to open up new technologies in fields such as quantum computing or solid state and semiconductor disc lasers, control over surface and bulk crystalline quality is of great importance.
Despite significant achievements in the realization of chemical sensors based on single ZnO nanorods [14 17], there still remain many aspects that should be overcome before their actual application.
Compared with systems based on single dynamic reactions, such multidimensional arrays lead to significantly larger systems with higher diversity, potentially covering more chemical space.
In this work, we reported a simple and ultrasensitive electrochemical method for miRNAs detection based on single enzyme amplification and electrochemical chemical chemical (ECC) redox cycling.
However, our lives are not based on single issues.
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