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In the present study, social homogamy is defined as assortment that takes place within groups that are differentiated environmentally, and positive phenotypic assortment is defined as assortment based on similar phenotypes, i.e., similar level of intelligence (Falconer and Mackay 1989).
However, it is also possible to transfer functional information based on similar phenotypes, as shown in Groth et al. (2008).
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Among the three ribonucleotide reductase mutants in the mutant panel, the rnr1 (R = 0.592) and rnr4 (R = 0.836) mutants were identified based on similar morphologic phenotypes in these mutants and hydroxyurea-treated wild-type yeast (Figure 2B and C, Table 2).
The pea (Pisum sativum) gene PEAM4 seems to be the closest to AP1 in function and has been suggested to be a functional homologue of AP1 [ 23] based on similar expression pattern and floral phenotype.
Although the human gene involved in ARCL1C has been discovered based on similar elastic fiber abnormalities exhibited by mice lacking the short Ltbp-4 isoform (Ltbp4S−/−), the murine phenotype does not replicate ARCL1C.
Although the human gene involved in ARCL1C was discovered based on similar elastic fiber abnormalities exhibited by Ltbp4S−/− mice (which lack the short Ltbp-4 isoform), the murine phenotype does not replicate human ARCL1C.
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As shown in Figure 1A and 1B, two BACs derived from the monomorphic and polymorphic loci of one marker were identified on the A6/D6 homoeologous chromosomes which had been identified based on the similar phenotypes of monosomic plants [ 26] and duplicated molecular loci.
A comparison between the morphology and gene expression profile of several breast cancer cell lines grown in 3D cultures using rBM as a matrix showed that cells expressing similar phenotypes clustered together based on similarities in their gene expression [ 18].
Cells exhibiting similar characteristics (based on their phenotypes and morphology) were also found in the subepicardium, usually in scattered pattern outside of blood islands.
As interacting proteins often have a similar function and similar phenotype, this feature allows discovery of missing or novel members of biological pathways or multiple functions of a gene within a PPI network based on phenotype similarity.
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