OK, let's take what we have learned about ancestors and clustering groups based on shared, unique characters (synapomorphies) and use that to decipher the information contained within a phylogenetic tree.
These hypotheses are mutually exclusive if similarity is to be interpreted as evidence of sister group relationships, although they were erected prior to the development of a cladistic theory and could reflect similarity based on shared plesiomorphic character states.
Based on a number of apomorphies shared by the entoproct creeping-type larva and larval and adult mollusks, the so-called Sinusoida- or Lacunifera-concept [ 12– 14], which had previously suggested a monophyletic clade comprising Entoprocta and Mollusca, was recently revived, and the resulting assemblage was termed "Tetraneuralia" based on shared larval and adult neural characters [ 15– 15].
"Initiation rituals are not meant to kill; rather they build character based on shared experiences of being in the bush," wrote Dr. Sakhumzi Mfecane, a Xhosa member who lectures on anthropology at University of the Western Cape, in an op-ed published in 2013.
Beaton's notations of her idiolect and accent (" 'Valuable' became 'vuargh-luobbhle' ") are more convincing than his judgments of her character, which are based on shared activities in which Beaton seems more chivalric or sisterly than truly ardent.
Why? Common purpose based on shared values.
In the phylogenetic results the monophyly of Kallihemerobiinae is partially recovered, principally based on sharing the single plausible character of a proximal bifurcation of the 1A vein, retrieved from the parsimony analysis.
The affinity of the monotypic genus Arrhenosphaera to Ascosphaeraceae is based on the shared character of a spore cyst.
The supposed monophyly of the genus is based on the shared character of completely naked asci, while the two species (E. fertilis and E. albus) differ in ascospore morphology and sexual development [ 27, 33].
Phenetic cluster analysis groups individuals or species based on presently existing shared characters, which in this case are genomic DNA fragments.
