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Health status was determined based on self or an informant report of the presence of a condition.
15 Results were not pooled formally, and the outcome in all of the studies was based on self or parental report.
In addition, most of the literature regarding PA levels in children with intellectual disabilities was based on self or proxy-reported questioners, or pedometers [ 23] with the consequent methodological weaknesses [ 24].
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The Non-Local Means (NLM) filter proposed by Buades et al. [24] is based on self similarity or photometric closeness between two pixels.
It seems problematic to include patients based on self- or familial account that they do not use opiates.
Finally, the reliable and well-validated Swanson Nolan and Pelham-IV ADHD (SNAP-IV) rating scale [ 43– 45] is used to assess attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms based on self- or parent-on-child reports of symptoms and impairment (due to specific ADHD symptoms) present during the primary school years when not on medication for ADHD.
Some previous case control studies, all based on self- or proxy-reported data on drug use, have reported an inverse association between use of NSAIDs and risk of glioma (Scheurer et al, 2008; Ferris et al, 2012) or glioblastoma multiforme (Sivak-Sears et al, 2004).
Crosses conducted between OR-MRD61 and the other two OR-MRD hermaphrodites produced nearly exclusively hermaphrodite progeny (there was one anomalous female; Table 1B), corroborating the inferred genotype based on selfing of OR-MRD61 as RR TT.
Children who understand values and connect positive emotions with those values have a much better chance of making value-driven decisions -- consider their options, weigh the benefits and costs, and make a choice that is consistent with their family-value culture -- rather than ones based on self-interest or in response to the urgings from popular media or peers.
Alcohol use was based on self reported frequency or amount of alcohol used, except in one cross sectional study that used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to assess DSM-IV diagnoses of alcohol use disorders.
This was also based on self reports of patients or a family member.
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