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Analyses were conducted with Cox regression based on restricted cubic splines.
Analyzing continuous exposures in epidemiology has been widely debated [37], and we chose a strategy based on restricted cubic splines as these provide smooth curves that could be a plausible biological appearance for the investigated associations [37].
Dose response relationships based on restricted cubic spline models of these factors are shown in Figure 2A,B.
These analyses used logistic regression models, stratified by gender and adjusted for age (with age covariates based on restricted cubic splines) [ 15].
Adjusting for NOx resulted in small increases in the effect estimates (model 2 vs. model 3), but exposure response curves based on restricted cubic splines were comparable before and after adjustment for NOx [see Supplemental Material, Figure S1 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205503)].
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Specifically, the log hormone levels were regressed on restricted cubic spline functions of time using three internal knots, interacted with case control status and age.
Inference was based on restricted maximum likelihood.
Based on restricted maximum likelihood estimators.
BMI was included continuously as a restricted cubic spline based on four knots as adjustment variable in the Cox- regression model.
This lag time of 6 months was based on modelling the hazard after inclusion in the cohort using a restricted cubic spline model (Torner et al, 2011).
Restricted cubic spline models with 3 knots were fitted based on Harrell's recommended percentiles to evaluate the linearity of associations.
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