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These estimations, however, are based on raw means and may be biased due to differences in difficulty between the three SP cases.
Analysis based on raw means ** p < 10−3, * p < 5.10−2 compared to 0 At the group level, the raw totHG surface area was not significantly asymmetrical (−15 ± 181 mm, t = −1.3, p = 0.2, Table 3).
Analysis based on raw means Eighty-four participants (36.2 %) had bilateral single HGs (L1/R1), 63 (27.2 %) had single left and duplicated right HGs (L1/R2), 35 (15.1 %) had duplicated left and single right HG's (L2/R1), and 50 (21.5 %) had bilateral duplicated HG's (L2/R2) (Table 1a; Fig. 2).
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For continuous outcomes such as monthly migraine headache days and headache frequency, raw mean differences (MD) between two groups were synthesized and a summary effect was produced based on raw mean differences, sample size and sample standard deviation.
Therefore, we included only arithmetic mean Hg concentrations, or we calculated arithmetic means based on raw data when reported.
T1 = at baseline; T2 = at 6-month follow-up T1 = at baseline T2 = at 6-month follow-up aDifferences in means based on raw scores between baseline and follow-up (T2 minus T1).
SD = Standard deviation; SEM = Standard error of the mean *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 aDifferences in mean change based on raw scores between baseline and follow-up (T2 minus T1).
The individual item means (p values based on raw scores) ranged from 0.16 (16%) to 0.96 (96%) with an average of 0.73 (73%).
Self-reported attitudes towards Aboriginal people for the three undergraduate groups produced a mean of 68° based on raw scores.
Thus, employing a biometrical modelling approach (Neale and Cardon 1992), covariances based on raw data between the twins were fitted to a structural equation model by means of maximum likelihood estimation (FIML).
This was a very basic test, based on raw power and collective skills among the donkeys.
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