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This is one pitfall of epidemiological studies based on questionnaire responses.
Based on questionnaire responses, highest educational qualification for the mother was collapsed into one of the five categories from none/ Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE, the lower level of two national school exams that were taken when these women were in school at age 16) to university degree.
We followed these distinctions at first instance when we applied the algorithm to make diagnoses based on questionnaire responses, but combined definite and probable cases of migraine (allMIG) and of TTH (allTTH) for purposes of comparison with neurologist diagnoses.
Table 6 Effect of Outsourcing Strategies on SMEs Profitability (based on questionnaire responses) Model B Std. Error T p-value Outsourcing of Back Office Activities.199.054 3.724.000 Outsourcing of Primary Activities.247.060 4.133.000 Outsourcing of Accounting Activities.018.060.295.768 Outsourcing of Supporting Activities.108.046 2.108.046.108.046
Also, cross-sectional data based on questionnaire responses could cause some degree of systematic error [ 12].
54 55 Sometimes diagnoses were based on questionnaire responses only, sometimes following detailed clinical interviews and laboratory testing.
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Our study provided a quantitative investigation of the association between glioma risk and farm pesticide uses, with cumulative years of use based primarily on questionnaire responses and with lifetime cumulative exposure in grams estimated by an expert from measurement data published in the literature.
The interview guide was based on questionnaire results; overall response rate for Years 1 3 was 90% (n = 875).
Based on specific questionnaire responses (ie, desk-based worker and no health condition affecting movement), approximately 30 participants will be recruited from each office building into objective monitoring from the four SOC codes that cover office workers (managers and senior officials, professional occupations, administrative and secretarial occupations and telephone operatives).
At the two plants, 36%and20%0%, respectively, of employees who participated in the NIOSH evaluation had work-related cumulative trauma disorders in the last year, as determined by questionnaire alone; 20% and 8%, respectively, had current work-related disorders based on both questionnaire responses and physical exam.
These students also indicated gains in self-efficacy based on post questionnaire responses.
More suggestions(15)
based on vignette responses
based on surface responses
based on questionnaire scores
based on questionnaire results
based on questionnaire studies
based on brain responses
based on antibody responses
based on postcourse responses
based on diary responses
based on questionnaire data
based on questionnaire items
based on census responses
based on item responses
based on attendee responses
based on written responses
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