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By-line Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) measurements of emulsion droplet size distributions are presented based on pulsed field gradient (PFG) measurements.
In addition to the usual characterizations based on Pulsed Field Gradient NMR and conductivity measurements, NMR correlation techniques NOESY, HOESY and COSY experiments are used to characterize the interactions and spatial proximities of ionic liquid species.
L. salivarius strains JCM1047 and AH43348 were known to harbour linear megaplasmids that were presumed to be related to pLMP1046 [ 12] and were therefore included in these experiments.> Our original study that identified pMP1046A (then designated pMP1046 [ 12]) in strain JCM1046 estimated its size as 230 kb, based on Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) [ 12].
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Epidemiologic analyses based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and sequence-based typing of clinical isolates of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 have detected sporadic, epidemic, and endemic strains (2 ).
This compares with an approximate estimate of 4.4 Mb genome based on pulsed-field gel estimates for the genome of the closely related strain, R. flavefaciens 17.
The same strategy, based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and subsequent hybridization with bont/A and /B specific gene probes, has also been applied to show plasmid carriage of the bont/A3, /A4, and bivalent bont/B subtype genes [10].
These genome sizes are slightly smaller than those reported previously based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (Carle et al. 1995).
Niskanen et al. [ 39] have previously reported on the homogeneity of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains isolated from swine samples based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis.
In Canada, 6 epidemic clones, designated CMRSA (Canadian epidemic MRSA) 1 through 6 based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), are recognized (10, 11 ).
In Canada there are ten recognized epidemic types of MRSA based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns (CMRSA1 10) [ 1].
Traditional molecular typing studies based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) have been employed to distinguish among isolates [ 5- 9].
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