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The initiative embraces research based on proxies of hydroclimatic extremes such as flood sediments in fluvial and coastal archives but the value of integrating historic research with data recovery efforts has also become increasingly apparent in ACRE's broad quest to recover historic weather observations.
Even though no quantitative information is available in most evaluated studies, results based on proxies of exposure intensity and duration seem in general to corroborate a dose dependent effect.
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Other evidence reported in the study indicates similar negative effects of the current EITC based on proxies for the share of women in each state who are eligible for the EITC.
With the bank's help, the government has drawn up a new list of the indigent, based on proxies for poverty (dirt floors, unprotected wells, shared toilets without drains, and so on) that are easier to verify and harder to manipulate.
For IFS2 we used a second type of exposure measure which characterised pattern of drinking based on proxy observations of frequency of dysfunctional behaviours associated with heavy drinking.
In addition probabilistic approaches can be used to complement the forest classification by risk factors that describe the probability of degradation, based on proxies such as past level of human interventions, accessibility or population density.
All studies involving the QUALID to date have been based on proxy ratings of resident quality of life made by members of care staff in residential and nursing home settings.
Although many of the studies cited in support of the hygiene hypothesis are based on proxy measures of microbial exposure, some provide striking evidence supporting such a link.
Another model developed at the regional scale based on proxy indicators of permafrost (rock glaciers and land cover) classified 5.1 km2 of permafrost within the study area, whereas co-kriging interpolations of frost numbers and TTOP data indicated 2.0 km2 and 4.6 km2 of permafrost, respectively.
Participants are drawn from the Izhevsk Family Study II, with eligibility determined based on proxy reports of hazardous drinking in the past year.
However, there is evidence that suicide studies based on proxy interviews with next of kin (so-called "psychological autopsies") provide reliable diagnoses [ 30].
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