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Haplotypes are typically presumed based on population frequencies and known variant associations rather than testing directly for chromosomal phase (molecular haplotyping).
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To minimize bias in the estimation of pairwise relatedness between nestlings, we computed those values based on population allele frequencies estimated using independent population samples for each location (as described in the preceding section).
Furthermore, many population genetic studies are based on population allele frequency rather than individual genotype data.
When estimates of allele frequencies based on population data are not available (i.e. variants that have not been genotyped in reference datasets such as 1000 Genomes or HapMap), we estimate the allele frequencies using the genetic marker information from pedigree members.
Because the evolutionary trajectories leading to qualitatively different stable states can be similar (Fig. 2), researchers may not be able to predict the fate of a given mutualism based on population densities, temporal distributions, or even interaction frequencies between focal populations during a climate change event.
The genomic relationship matrix used in the deterministic formulas was calculated based on population-specific allele frequencies.
By setting up across-population genomic relationship matrices based on population-specific allele frequencies, it was also possible to accurately estimate the accuracy of across-population genomic prediction based on selection index theory.
(The grants were prorated based on population).
Empirical probabilities of observing a soft sweep in a given simulation run were obtained by calculating the expected probability that two randomly drawn adaptive lineages are not identical by decent, based on the population frequencies of all adaptive lineages in the population at the time of sampling.
Based on a population frequency of 6% in a MPN cohort study, MPL mutation status did not impact time to LT or overall survival.
51, 54 Based on the population frequency of the factor V Leiden allele, some have estimated that it would require screening as many as 2 million women to prevent one death.
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