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Our assessment of SHS exposure, based on parent questionnaires, was dichotomous: subjects were determined to have either been exposed to SHS or not.
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The outcomes of interest were the following obesity-related lifestyle behaviours of children: low level of physical activity, excessive screen-time and unhealthy dietary behaviours, based on parents' questionnaire responses.
The prospective follow-up of the PARIS birth cohort was based on parent self-administered questionnaires completed when infants were 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age and at each birthday until age 7 years, and on two health examinations at 18 months and 7 years of age.
To overcome some of these problems, Mekdeci and her colleagues have developed an alternative method of tracking birth defect incidence based on parent responses to a lengthy questionnaire.
A high proportion of child development research, in fact, enlists parents as observers; hundreds of validated inventories and questionnaires are based on parent ratings.
Furthermore, the FTF questionnaire was based on parent information of the mothers.
The primary endpoint was the clinical response, i.e. a decrease of physical and sleep complaints, at the end of the trial, based on parent ratings on a Physical Complaints Questionnaire.
Both interview data and questionnaire data were based on parent report, mostly from mothers, with the possibility of report bias that has been shown to affect other studies on co-occurrence of psychiatric symptoms [ 60, 61].
The sleep data were collected using a 54-item sleep questionnaire and the anthropometric data were based on parent reports.
All outcomes were based on parent reports.
Findings are based on parent ratings only.
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