Innovative gynaecologic cancer surgery approaches based on ontogenetic theory show promising results.
This relationship of width-to-height of the upper face deviates from predictions based on ontogenetic scaling, as males (which are, on average, larger than females) have similar facial heights to females, whereas facial breadth is larger in the male: adult men have relatively shorter upper faces and adult women have relatively longer upper faces (Figure 2 and Figures S2, A and B).
Consequently, determining from such studies which individual facial features do comply with predictions based on ontogenetic scaling [1], [16], and which do not, is difficult because knowledge of how the individual component parts of the face change during development is obscured.
The relationship between facial breadth across the cheekbones (BZW) and BCL (the usual proxy for skull size) is shown not to differ significantly between males and females, agreeing with predictions based on ontogenetic scaling, whereas the relationship between upper facial height and skull size (BCL) is shown to differ significantly between the sexes (Table 1, 2).
Evolutionary biologists are accustomed to deducing ontogenetic properties based on ontogenetic outputs rather than by studying development as a process.
Carboplatin dose was based on renal function.
An auxiliary function is constructed based on a penalty function.
Based on the two functions, a reward function is formulated.
Based on the ontogenetic allometry of various species, it was observed that functionally homologous limb segments show more similar growth patterns than serially homologous segments in mammals [ 32].
As in the original study, all characters were unweighted and one multistate character (the differentiation of gill filaments) was treated as additive based on unequivocal ontogenetic evidence.
