Sentence examples for based on nonsynonymous substitutions from inspiring English sources

However, substitution rates vary across the genome and between species that makes direct comparisons solely based on nonsynonymous substitutions difficult.

The tree in Figure 4A is based on nonsynonymous substitutions, whereas the tree in Figure 4B represents the expected number of synonymous substitutions in cystatins.

In this case, the evolutionary distance based on synonymous substitutions is expected to be greater than the distance based on nonsynonymous substitutions.

Summary statistics involving coding regions included numbers of synonymous (Ks) and nonsynonymous (Ka) substitutions, were calculated utilising the KaKs_Calculator1.2 software (MYN method) [ 52], and the number of protein variants based on nonsynonymous substitutions.

Here, we report a novel yet basic method of defining fast-evolving and slow-evolving genes based on nonsynonymous substitution rates (Ka) in different subgroups or lineages of mammals.

Using three analyses based on nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions, a total of 165 genes show indications of positive selection in one or both species of sticklebacks.

Because inferences of selection pressures based on nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution ratios from polymorphism data may be less sensitive (Kryazhimskiy and Plotkin 2008), we analyzed DAF spectra in yeast (fig. 3 A), which is an alternative method to infer selection (Nielsen 2005).

Based on nonsynonymous (N) and synonymous (S) substitutions analysis, our results confirmed that purifying selection was the predominant force during the evolution of human mtDNA.

In this independent study, it was found that patterns of convergent protein evolution (based on nonsynonymous vs. synonymous amino acid substitutions) identify pathways contributing to hearing and vision as among the strongest signals (Parker et al. 2013).

As is clear from figure 1, saturation is more pronounced on synonymous than on nonsynonymous substitutions.

In addition, we used a classical measure of protein evolution based on the nonsynonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) substitutions rate ratio (dN/ dS or ω).