Our analyses were based on most-adjusted RR estimates, with many of the estimates adjusted for other aspects of smoking, such as number of cigarettes smoked.
It is also supported by the similarity of results based on most-adjusted and least-adjusted RRs (though adjustment for amount smoked reduces the association with other dose response indices of smoking).
Each meta-analysis was repeated, based on most-adjusted RRs and on least-adjusted RRs.
For each selected outcome and exposure, separate meta-analyses were conducted based on most-adjusted and least-adjusted RRs.
Figures 11 and 12 (COPD), 13 and 14 (CB) and 15 (emphysema) present the results of the main meta-analyses for ex smoking of any product (or cigarettes if any product was not available), based on most-adjusted RRs.
Figures 1 and 2 (COPD), 3 and 4 (CB) and 5 (emphysema) present the results of the main meta-analyses for ever smoking any product (or cigarette smoking from studies without RRs for any product), based on most-adjusted RRs.
It is also supported by the similarity of results based on most-adjusted and least-adjusted RRs, and by within-study comparisons showing that additional confounder adjustment little affected estimates for the same exposure definition.
Figures 15, 16, 17 (all lung cancer), Figure 18 (squamous) and Figure 19 (adeno) present the results of the main meta-analyses for ex smoking of any product (or cigarettes if any product was not available), based on most-adjusted RRs.
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (all lung cancer), Figures 6, 7 (squamous) and Figure 8, 9 (adeno) present the results of the main meta-analyses for ever smoking any product (or cigarette smoking for studies without RRs for any product), based on most-adjusted RRs.
This conclusion of a minimal effect of confounding is consistent with that of a detailed analysis of data from the huge CPSII prospective study [ 23], and means that though the main results we report are based on most-adjusted estimates, this decision had little or no effect on our conclusions or on the magnitude of our estimates.
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