At the pen level, cows were assigned to reproductive management primarily using an AAM system based on monitoring activity levels (Heatime, SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel) or a timed artificial insemination (TAI) program.
The HMI concept is based on monitoring volitional bioacoustic activity generated through prescribed tongue motions.
For CMV, the respiratory rate was adjusted to completely suppress spontaneous diaphragm muscle contractions based on monitoring of electrical activity.
Furthermore, the resources of care givers can be preserved by optimizing their care activities based on monitoring systems.
This program is based on the assumption that stepping up from lower, less intensive to higher, more intensive levels of preventive activities, based on monitoring outcomes, may increase the (cost) effectiveness of the programme and maximize efficiency of resource allocation [ 23- 25].
For the efficient monitoring of eruptions and forecasting of future activity based on monitoring data, it is essential to investigate the magma supply system and eruption mechanisms by analyzing observational data from the major eruptions at the beginning of the 2011 activity.
Based on comprehensive monitoring activities carried out during the successful test storage the accomplishment of injection measures (see "Assessment of the injection measures"), the extension of the supply system to a total of five modules (see "Machine selection") as well as the implementation of the electronic control system (see "Manual vs. full automated operation") were decided.
The aim of this study was to compare 2 reproductive programs for the management of first postpartum artificial insemination (AI) based on activity monitors and timed AI, as well as to determine the effect of health-related factors on detection and expression of estrus.
(B ) Limb-use strategies, based on activity monitors for increased lateralised (intact hand) use.
A recent randomised controlled trial [ 21] evaluated the effectiveness of such online physical activity advice based on a personal activity monitor and found that a 3-month intervention did not significantly affect PA levels and, furthermore, that a higher adherence to the program did not result in increased levels of PA.
