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While the IMF's figures are eyewateringly large, they are, if anything, conservative because they are based on low estimates of the costs of climate change from the US government, which tends to omit many of the largest risks.
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In May of 2009, Unknown News estimated at least 753,118 people have been killed in Afghanistan and Iraq since the U.S. and coalition attacks, based on lowest credible estimates.
A recent review highlighted that over than half (55%) of strong recommendations in WHO guidelines were based on low or very low confidence in effect estimates [ 30].
When the specified threshold of the rate ratio increases, imprecise estimates that are based on low numbers of events are uninformative and lead to slow increases in confidence and relevant uncertainty even for large rate ratios.
Projected targeting indices based on low-dose parameter estimates are shown for both our non-linear Ag-Ab binding model and for a conventional linear model.
†Uncertainty range is based on lowest and highest estimates of consumable and equipment components along with range of laboratory volume of testing [e.g. batch size of Xpert testing was varied from 1 sample to 4 samples per run], along with range of salaries for laboratory technicians, and highest and lowest estimates for laboratory overhead.
Low inflation based on low petrol prices IS the stimulus.
Instead, they are often estimated based on low-dose extrapolation models.
In other words, a customer paying for use based on a low estimate rather than a higher one might end up with sticker shock when the meter is actually read and the appropriate charges are assessed.
Then you go to a bank and get a loan based on that "low estimate" of the film's worth.
Based on the lowest estimated prevalence of pre-eclampsia of 3%, a test sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 97%, then we need to recruit 4800 women to be 90% certain that the true specificity of the patient population is no less than 95%.
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com