We defined a rate of absorption for each color channel and then during ray marching, we gradually scale down each color channel based on its rate of absorption, on each step.
Estimating the strength of selection against msh2Δ based on its rate of decline depends on the assumed degree of dominance of its fitness effect.
This realized cost of msh2Δ in the sexual populations (based on its rate of decline) was greater than its realized benefit in the asexual diploid populations and was alone sufficient to explain mutator decline in the sexual populations.
In North America, pre-release tracking estimated that the film would gross between $8 and $10 million during its opening weekend based on its adult rating and the poor reputation of the 1995 adaptation.
When there is a single change, the rate is calculated based on its respective rate matrix.
For the six-parameter method, models specific to each locus were implemented in PAUP*4.0b10 [ 65], with each substitution classes was weighted based on its substitution rate (Rij, i.e., rate of transformation between nucleotide i and j) estimated with Modeltest3.6 [ 66]: wij = -ln (Rij/∑Ri).
Under MSY, there would be a limit to the catch for each species based on its reproduction rate - in other words, the rate at which the stock is replenished.
Traditionally a monitor wouldn't display a new frame until it was ready -- based on its refresh rate which is normally 60Hz.
At 19.6 times trailing earnings, the stock trades at a premium to the market, but it is still cheap based on its growth rate.
For the fair game hypothesis, we randomly drew λ and μ for the 5 different lineage shifts, but the survival rate ρ was modified for each lineage based on its diversification rate (r, λ− μ).
