A cautionary note is in order, however: TEFs are calculated based on intake and are not considered applicable to circulating levels in human tissues [ 17, 92].
Based on intake and excretion, as defined in Eq. 2, no differences in apparent fat digestibility were observed between groups, whereas the apparent nitrogen digestibility was significantly lower in scallop-fed mice than in chicken, cod and crab-fed mice (Fig. 1e, P = 0.003, Expt. 1).
REPs based on intake dose and plasma concentrations for mono- ortho PCBs 118 and 156 are consistently lower than the WHO-TEFs of 0.00003.
Sodium intake estimates in the present analyses are based on intake from foods and does not include the salt that is added during cooking at home, in restaurants and by caterers, or at the table.
On the other hand, associations between nitrosatable drugs and birth defects were stronger among women in the highest tertile of estimated total nitrite intake, a measure based on intake of dietary nitrite and nitrate from diet and drinking water.
Results were similar when based on intake at ages 18 22 years and 30 35 years (data not shown).
Sum of species values were based on intake of DMA, MMA, As+3, and As+5.
27 28 This index was based on intake levels of vegetables, fruit, nuts, and soy, white to red meat ratio, total fibre, trans fat, polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio, long term multivitamin use, and alcohol consumption.
Tolerance was evaluated based on: intake of the study formula (volume and calories/kg weight/day); stool characteristics, based on frequency in 24 h, consistency (liquid, soft, formed, and hard), color (black, brown, green, and yellow), and presence or absence of blood in stools; and GI symptoms (occurrence of flatulence and cramps and the frequency of spitting up or vomiting).
However, the limited number of biomarker-based observational studies conducted so far limits comparison with studies based on intake measurements.
Notice that these analyses are based on intake measured on continuous scale.
