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Whether the difference in behaviour is based on individual recognition of one's own group members or simply the discrimination based on familiarity remains unresolved.
Common ravens show advanced cognitive skills during foraging (Bugnyar & Kotrschal 2002b; Heinrich 2011) and conflict management (e.g. Fraser & Bugnyar 2011), indicating the capability of dealing with complex social environments and repeated interactions based on individual recognition.
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Traditional educational models based on individual examination and assessment are potentially in conflict with the growing recognition of science as a social undertaking [ 6].
Although more shared approaches are generally favoured by Charles et al., there is recognition that there should be flexibility in the style adopted, based on individual patient preferences.
Finally, a bonus based on individual performance.
Our moral and economic system is based on individual responsibility.
LeBoeuf, founded in 1929, allocated compensation based on individual performance.
The data is based on individual computers' electronic signatures, not individual people.
Some firms pay them based on individual performance or some combination of individual and corporate performance.
Abacus' profiles are based on individuals.
These observed changes have a potential impact on individual recognition by conspecifics.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com