Teaching methods used in medical schools should reinforce the culture of team work rather than promote values based on individual decision-making as a collectivistic culture is needed to improve performance in group-oriented activities.
Defunctioning stoma rates of 88 and 26%%, respectively, reflect a strategic approach (standard with a stoma or standard without a stoma), which is only slightly based on individual decision making concerning patient characteristics.
Surgical intervention criteria in those patients are clear-cut in case of cauda equina syndrome or progressive motor deficit, but elective surgery is based on individual decision [ 6, 13, 23, 26, 27].
The timing and protocol of autoSCT were also based on individual clinical decisions.
Simulation models regarding groups of fish and birds based on individual movement decision rules have become increasingly sophisticated.
Published explanations for these differences are often based on individual-level decisions such as work/life balance preferences or the desire to start a family (Ceci and Williams, 2010, 2011; Rosser 2012), as opposed to systematic institutional challenges.
"It is very clear the Games cannot be used as a stage for political demonstrations, however good the cause may be," said Bach. "The IOC will take, if necessary, individual decisions based on individual cases.
The explanation based on individual motivations explains that decisions on remittances may be guided by a purely individual strategy, namely, self-interest or altruistic behavior.
Most formal studies in this area have been devoted to preference-to-preference or preference-to-choice combinations, that are assumed to represent both joint decisions (voting) and decisions based on individual wishes.
