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Based on image gradient information, edges-based models drive one or more initial curve(s) to the boundaries of objects in the image.
In [27], the authors proposed a fidelity term based on image gradient, which is defined as ( {leftVert left|nabla uright|-kleft|nabla {u}_0right|rightVert}_{L^2left varOmega right)}^2 ) where k is a constant and satisfies k ≥1.
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Several edge-detection algorithms can be found in the literature, all of which are based on image gradients.
The described candidate region detection with DBSCAN (Fig. 3) separates the particles based on image gradients and intensities, which allows for easy classification of the primary particles and the agglomerates based on their size.
The mathematical formulation of the method is based on image gradients computed through singular value decomposition (SVD) rather than edge detection as commonly found in contemporary pixel-based structure measures.
The 3D prosthesis computer models were matched automatically to the CT data using a rigid-body version of the active shape modeling process, which is based on image gradients and known geometry.
The evaluation function based on image gray gradient is the most widely used definition evaluation function, which includes absolute variance function, Roberts gradient summation function, Brenner function, power function, variance function, Laplacian function, and Tenengrad function, etc. [17].
The modified OFM based on image intensity gradient was utilized for deformable image registration and the accuracy of registration was reported in previous studies [ 18– 20].
Concurrent to these works has been the development of machine learning approaches, including support vector machines (SVM) [ 17] with features based on image intensities and gradients.
We propose a methodology for designing filters based on image content that minimize the estimator bias inherent to gradient-based image registration.
Based on image formation methodology, fNIRS provides two types of brain images: topographic and tomographic images.
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