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Thus, there is a significant need for predictive test methods that are based on human cells.
Thus, other well-defined experimental systems based on human cells are required to perform functional and mechanistic studies on TB under physiological conditions.
To better reflect the in vivo conditions of human TB, we established Mtb infection in an in vitro lung tissue model based on human cells.
The National Research Council (2007) advocated the use of mechanistically informative in vitro assays based on human cells or human cell constituents that measure effects on "toxicity pathways" leading to human disease.
We observed distinctly different correlative patterns for chemicals with effects in rabbits versus rats, despite derivation of in vitro signatures based on human cells and cell-free biochemical targets, implying conservation but potentially differential contributions of developmental pathways among species.
These documents from the NRC and AXLR8 Consortium articulate the current effort to increase efficiency and decrease animal use in toxicity testing by transitioning from in vivo tests with qualitative end points to in vitro assays based on human cells or cell lines that use robotic high throughput screening and mechanistic quantitative parameters.
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Doing so requires them to extrapolate a toxic blood or tissue dose from a cell-based response, which can be accomplished with PBPK modeling and computational methods based on human cell circuitry, says Gina Solomon, a senior scientist with the nonprofit Natural Resources Defense Council.
138 Based on human cell-free systems, picorna viruses, 139, 140 the polio virus, 141 and encephalomyocarditis virus 142, 143 have been analyzed.
Models with a well-characterized mechanism that reflects the in vivo situation, possibly based on human cell lines, in combination with nonmammalian models may more robustly detect compounds with adverse effects on humans.
This study illustrates how such an approach based on human cell culture models is a valuable predictive screening tool to evaluate the toxicity of many potentially harmful emerging substances, alone or in mixtures, in the framework of future regulatory reinforcements.
Does research based on human specimens, cells, cell lines or simple data involve human subjects?
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based on standard cells
based on olfactory cells
based on human observers
based on immobilized cells
based on human rights
based on solar cells
based on immune cells
based on anonymous cells
based on human elements
based on monastic cells
based on human experiments
based on human traits
based on human translations
based on human specimens
based on human methods
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