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Phylogenetic analysis based on housekeeping genes sequences and genome composition in non ubiquitous genes provided an overview of the evolutionary dynamics of H. pylori strains infecting each family.
The inclusion of putative virulence genes in an MLST scheme is not usual since such schemes are traditionally based on housekeeping genes that are not considered to be under diversifying selective pressure.
The alternative trees represented the 2nd and 3rd best ML alternatives according to PROTML, an alternative tree based on housekeeping genes [21], the MP and NJ aa tree and the mtg tree [9].
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) [27] or multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) (the latter refers to genus-wide analyses) [28] based on housekeeping genes are considered to be the most powerful genotyping tools in studies of the population biology of microbial organisms.
This method was found to be more suitable for local epidemiology, providing higher level of discrimination for Listeria monocytogenes compared to MLST based on housekeeping genes of this species [22].
Collectively, MLST of nasal carriage and clinical strains in this study indicates that these strains share common genetic lineages based on housekeeping gene fragments in the common minimal genome.
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The first one, based on four housekeeping genes and two virulence genes, was evaluated with 50 S. uberis isolates and compared to ribotyping and RAPD typing.
In addition to the absence of a separate complex III encompassing the B. parapertussis human isolates in the bvgS-based tree, some of the sequence types (ST) defined based on the housekeeping genes are split between several different branches of the bvgS-based tree, e.g. ST6, ST16 and ST19 (Fig. 1).
Firstly, primers based on three housekeeping genes commonly found in moulds, β-tubulin, COI and ITS, and on the otapks gene were designed.
The genotypic diversity analyses were based on six housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, rpoD, rpoB, gyrB, recA and ITS) and on pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
We applied multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on 12 housekeeping genes to a panel of 55 available STB isolates and identified a total of 13 sequence types (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2).
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