"We're moving from a system based on rights - housing benefit - to one based on grants, where you bid for funds.
The expectation that police will face a 20% cut in funding is based on grant reductions recommended by the police watchdog, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC).
Note that ratings of charities, like those available on charitynavigator.org, tend to be based on grant-making efficiency, rather than on how much a charity holds in its endowment to cover liabilities, said Laura H. Peebles, a director in the national office at Deloitte Tax in Washington.
Although such a system, based on grants useable only for health insurance, wouldn't be a "mandate" as such, it would have almost the same effective consequence since people would have fewer resources if they didn't buy coverage.
(Amazingly, according to a forthcoming paper for the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) by Matt Hopkins and William Lazonick, even that ratio is grossly underestimated because it is based on grant-date fair value estimates of what stock options and stock awards might be worth, rather than how much CEOs actually take home when they exercise stock options and when stock awards vest).
We created a metric based on grant acknowledgements from MEDLINE, using a grant-to-article linkage dataset from a previous study [46].
We calculate two different concentration measures based on grant-to-article linkages: a standard concentration (or Herfindahl) index and precision-recall.
We chose to assess and compare cluster solutions using two different types of validation measures: (1) within-cluster textual coherence based on the Jensen-Shannon divergence, and (2) concentration measures based on grant-to-article linkages indexed in MEDLINE.
Cluster results from the nine similarity approaches were compared using (1) within-cluster textual coherence based on the Jensen-Shannon divergence, and (2) two concentration measures based on grant-to-article linkages indexed in MEDLINE.
A simple indicator of individual research output was developed, based on grant income, publications and numbers of PhD students supervised.
