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For the remaining cells (which are a mixture of bursters and spikers), the peaks and nadirs of all state variables are determined by a recursive difference algorithm which extracts the peak and nadir points based on gradient change.
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The proposed feature is based on gradient, but different from conventional gradient-based local features, and designed to seam carving.
One category is based on gradient, including finite difference approximation of derivative, adjoint gradient-based methods, and gradient simulator methods.
It is based on gradient descent method.
The parameters are iteratively updated based on gradient descent.
A new algorithm based on gradient descent is used.
After calculating the gradient of extreme point, the adjacent region is divided based on gradient direction of feature points specified by gradient histogram.
Other accelerations can be achieved using local searches that are based on gradient-descent algorithms able to handle small target displacements and geometrical changes.
The fluxes measured by the chamber method, however, can be significantly biased, as the chamber itself is an intrusive gas flux monitoring method based on measuring gradient changes within the chamber, which are very sensitive to turbulent transport properties at the interface.
In general, single-shot echo planar imaging sequences based on gradient-echo techniques are used.
Then the angularity index (AI) of aggregates were calculated based on the change in gradient vectors of neighboring pixels with a rotational angle of 10°.
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