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An important question is what constitutes a new Leptospira species based on genetic differences at one or a small number of genetic loci.
The paper refers to directed energy weapons, such as high-powered lasers, as well as "genetic weapons" – usually described as those containing biological agents that target a particular ethnic group or groups based on genetic differences.
Although their lineage trees are based on genetic differences, most of these differences lie in the regions of DNA that do not code for genes and have no effect on the body.
In the recent years, with the development of molecular biology technology, new methods for human identification to forensic purposes, based on genetic differences among the animal species have been proposed.
Based on genetic differences, eight metapopulations can be distinguished.
Some molecular clocks based on genetic differences estimate that major lineages began to split and diversify as far back as 100 million years ago.
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These Brca1 mutant mice thus appeared to have a more complete rescue of embryonic lethality based on genetic background differences alone than Xu et al. were able to obtain by introducing Trp53 haploinsufficiency.
Taste sensitivity is known to vary across the population based on genetic histoanatomical differences on chromosome 7: individuals with two recessive alleles of the taste gene are nontasters, those who have a dominant and recessive combination are medium tasters, and those with two dominant alleles are genetic supertasters.
(Although scientists still have a long way to go before they can say, definitively, who needs what exercise, based on genetic and other differences).
Additionally, influenza A is further classified into major subtypes based on genetic and antigenic differences in the membrane glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase [7].
The most important of these, the O1 serogroup, can be further divided into two biotypes, namely classical and El Tor, based on genetic and phenotypic differences [ 4].
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based on small differences
based on major differences
based on acoustic differences
based on genetic markers
based on racial differences
based on genetic tests
based on political differences
based on genetic samples
based on regional differences
based on ideological differences
based on genetic calculations
based on substantive differences
based on genetic variations
based on religious differences
based on natural differences
based on mean differences
based on observed differences
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