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The Carstairs index of deprivation is a geographically-based deprivation score that is based on four census indicators (low social class, lack of car ownership, overcrowding and male unemployment).
It is based on four census variables and can therefore be computed for 1981 , 1991 and 2001.
The Carstairs index is an index of deprivation, based on four census indicators: low social class, lack of car ownership, overcrowding and male unemployment.
We used the Townsend deprivation index (Townsend 1987), which measures material deprivation based on four census variables: unemployment, non-car ownership, non-home ownership, and household overcrowding.
For England, the Carstairs score [ 13], which is based on four census variables (lack of car ownership, unemployed head of the household, low social class and overcrowding) was applied as the deprivation index.
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Block-group level neighborhood features included poverty level, an index of socioeconomic status (SES) based on seven Census indicators for education, occupation, unemployment, household income, poverty, rent, and house values [ 11]; Asian ethnic enclave; Hispanic ethnic enclave; racial/ethnic composition; population density; and urbanization [ 12, 13].
Region was based on four major Census regions.
An area-based measure of material deprivation (Carstairs score [ 15]) based on four variables from the national census (car ownership, unemployment, overcrowding, and head-of-household job classification) was also used.
Postcodes were available for 90% of participants and were linked to enumeration districts to calculate the Townsend Index a composite measure of material deprivation based on four factors derived from the 1991 UK census (unemployment, overcrowding, car ownership and home ownership).
MEDEA index measures deprivation at the census-tract level (from the 2001 census) based on five domains including percentage of manual workers, temporary workers, people with low education (overall), young population with low education, and unemployment (Domínguez-Berjón et al. 2008).
NZDep06 measures socioeconomic status based on area of residence and assigns a deprivation score on a scale from 1 to 10 (1-least deprived 10% of areas, 10-most deprived 10% of areas in New Zealand) based on nine parameters measured during the population census in 2006.
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