Cumulative MBC risk in BRCA1 carriers has been estimated at 5.8%95%5% CI 1.3 10.4%) over the entire lifetime (to age >80 years), a figure based on four cases among 102 male carriers in a clinic-based study (Brose et al, 2002).
has shown that a simulation programme based on four cases (apnoea, asthma, supraventricular tachycardia and sepsis) can reliably measure and discriminate competence.
The results for anti-HPV-16 antibodies at each measure of titre were 1.0 (HPV-16 antibody negative, based on 31 cases and 375 controls), 0.7 (0.2 2.9; medium titre, based on four cases and 31 controls) and 6.3 (1.2–33.4; high titre, based on four cases and 12 controls; Ptrend=0.2).
For ovarian cancer, the RR for ever use of atrazine was 2.91 (95% CI, 0.56 13.60), based on four cases among the women who reported atrazine use and five cases among those who reported no use.
Other studies reviewed included one cohort study of skin cancer mortality in three automobile plants with no significant excesses in risk; three proportionate mortality studies that did not observe significant increase in risk; and a fourth study that did (proportional mortality ratio=1.88, 95% CI=0.51 4.80), based on four cases.
A recent review has suggested pooled odds ratios for schizophrenia of 8 or higher for four of these five genomic disorders, 5 and for 15q11-q13 duplications of maternal origin, an initial report based on four cases suggested an odds ratio for schizophrenia of 7.3.
Based on four case studies, we developed and tested questionnaires that contribute as an instrument for evaluating existing sensor environments, or during the design phase.
The empirical analysis is based on four case studies of new product innovation taken from a cross section of the packaged foods sector.
We present the practical aspects of the method based on four case studies involving twelve farmers from Aveyron Francee), and illustrate it through an in-depth description of one of these case studies with three dairy farmers.
The objective of this study was to estimate the average total costs of repatriating seafarers based on four case vignettes.
