Third, we observed that four recent scales [ 51, 53, 55, 56] are based on existing measures, in particular the Fried scale.
Our finding furthers the evidence that increasing unit payment for hospital services is a national trend, even if we cannot clearly explain this national trend based on existing measures.
Second, the assessment questionnaires were based on or similar to existing validated questionnaires [ 40, 46– 48, 53– 55] and the questionnaire evaluating the acceptability of the advice was also based on existing measures [ 36, 38].
Based on existing literature, measures were identified which contribute to these objectives; these are summarised in Table 1.
4. The measure should be as brief and easy to use as possible, to maximise its utility for both research and routine clinical use. 5. CDIS should as far as possible be based on existing standardised measures.
However, we reduced the potential for common-method variance by employing measures based on existing scales, proximally separating measures of predictors and the criterion variables and protecting the respondents' anonymity.
Currently, based on existing symptom measurement tools, prediction of the physiological measures is imperfect [ 5].
The pre-, mid-semester-, and post-test survey consisted of several sections (see Fig. 1), partly based on existing scales to measure perceptions about Twitter (e.g., Evans, 2014) and the self-determination theory (Vansteenkiste, Sierens, Soenens, Luyckx, & Lens, 2009) to measure motivation for Twitter use.
During the development phase, a new measurement tool based on existing theories, concepts, and measures was developed.
Based on existing research linking TL measured in PBMC and increased mortality from cancer, TL may represent an innovative biomarker to measure the status of host biology of aging; and as the host ages, its ability to perform immune surveillance may decrease, and thereby increase the probability of recurrence of metastasis.
To measure the impact of the Food-EPI tool and process on civil society's capacity to advocate for healthy food environments, a tool will be developed for public health NGOs based on existing community readiness to change measures 21 26 and community capacity indices.
