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Given that COPD is a term generally used to describe emphysema and chronic bronchitis, the inflammation and enlargement of air sacs in the lungs, resulting in reduced or limited airflow [12], the meta-analysis was based on estimates reported for these three conditions/classifications combined as well as reported separately (i.e., COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis).
Based on estimates reported in Tables 4 and 5 (absolute changes).
Utility weights for each model event were based on estimates reported in the literature 28– 30 (Table 2).
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Finally, we explored the base case model with the addition of effects on lipids, based on the estimates reported in the meta-analysis by Monami et al. 28 Our meta-analysis yielded an estimate of the DPP-4 inhibitor class effect on HbA1c of −0.66% (−0.71%, −0.62%), for a population with a baseline HbA1c of 8.0% (τ=0.02).
The very high URR estimated from one study of carbon anode plant workers (Liu et al. 1997) was based on exposure estimates reported by Liu for just one of seven plants, which may not have been representative.
Screening and diagnostic costs were based on the estimates reported by Bishop et al. [ 24].
Body mass index percentiles are based on height/weight estimates reported by proxy respondents (child's person most knowledgeable).
The analysis reported in this paper is based on estimates of under-five mortality reported in the World Health Statistics 2015 [ 1].
The rest are based on estimates from UN and NGO reports, and "collateral damage" from air strikes and gun battles.
Based on estimates in the 2016 report, The Times calculated the additional costs could be about $200 million, pushing the annual shortfall to more than $270 million.
(2) Average per capita GNP is calculated as the simple average over the countries covered by the case studies and is based on estimates from the World Bank, World Development Report 1997.
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