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The trend lines, which are based on estimated mortality rates, are shown in the graphs by a dotted line.
Mortality in weeks excluded from the model fitting was estimated by linear interpolation based on estimated mortality in weeks before and after excluded data.
For each duration of ART, life tables based on estimated mortality rates by sex, age, latest CD4+ cell count and viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/ml), were used to estimate expected age at death for ages 20 85 years.
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The guideline suggests this ratio may be used as a multiplier in calculating total CVD risk based on estimated CVD mortality.
For countries lacking sufficient vital registration data, cause of death models were used to firstly estimate the maximum likelihood distribution of deaths across the broad categories of communicable, non-communicable and injuries, based on estimated total mortality rates and income [ 8].
If associations between low-level exposure to radiation and circulatory diseases reflect an underlying causal relationship that is linear at low doses, then the overall excess risk of mortality after exposure to low doses or low dose rates of radiation may be about twice that currently assumed based on estimated risks of mortality due to radiation-induced cancers alone.
Conclusions based on estimated smoking-related excess mortality were similar to those based on unadjusted mortality rates: There was little indication of any difference between American-blend and Virginia-type cigarettes on risk of lung cancer or COPD.
Planned early initiation of dialysis therapy based on estimated kidney function does not influence mortality and major comorbid conditions, but amelioration of symptoms may improve quality of life and decrease costs.
We calculated ICRs between 1988–2008 based on the estimated mortality rates; the range was 2.0 2.7 in men and 1.6 2.2 in women (Additional file 1: Table S5).
Also, assuming, based on the estimated mortality rates in 2010 that there were 2,892,134 DALYs from maternal deaths, neonatal deaths and stillbirths remaining, it can be deduced that the CI, FI and FICI interventions could have prevented 13.0%, 3.8% and 14.5% of these remaining DALYs if scaled-up throughout the whole of Malawi (see Additional file 2 for sources and calculations).
Under certain assumptions, relative survival is a measure of net survival based on estimating the excess mortality in a study population when compared with the general population.
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