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One has been to impose vehicle taxes, ranging from 1 to 20percentt, based on engine size.
The new proposals are for 13 new bands based on CO2 emissons, different systems for cars registered between 2001 and 2006, and, indeed, another system for older cars based on engine size.
Vehicle registration tax and annual motor tax rates in Ireland changed in July 2008 from being based on engine size to emissions performance of cars.
Confidential data from maritime industry insiders based on engine size and the quality of fuel typically used by ships and cars shows that just 15 of the world's biggest ships may now emit as much pollution as all the world's 760m cars.
Antti Rapeli, a director at Catamount, an auto dealer that for years distributed Ferraris here, said Finland's fiercely cold winters and short summers, as well as steep taxes based on engine size and carbon emissions, meant that "the market is not very large, maybe 10 or 12 units a year".
So cutting environmental pollution has become a major objective of the scheme, with charges based on engine size due to be introduced in 2009 which raises the question of why poorer, more polluted east London is not to be similarly blessed.There is disillusion too about increasing journey times in the original zone even though the charge was raised to £8 ($15.50).
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Operating conditions were based on Engine Combustion Network recommendations.
The decision to change the engine was based on engine weight and dimensions, as well as to environmental emission considerations.
In the name of energy conservation, China also assesses a sales tax of up to 40 percent of the vehicle's price based on its engine size.
A simpler, albeit cruder system, which appears to have gained support, is to scrap mileage allowances altogether and base the tax on engine size.The chancellor may also start to encourage greener forms of commuting.
Those pumping losses depend on engine size.
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