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Although spray towers are very common, there are few methodologies for their design, which is typically based on empirical or one-dimensional models.
For instance, the design of the structures is currently based on empirical or semi-empirical guidelines since no general method exists on the matter.
A review of the literature established that although various rules of thumb exist, largely based on empirical or anecdotal evidence, there is no model of magnetics recovery in a wet drum magnetic separator which includes as inputs all significant machine and operating variables.
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Improvement of operating conditions of existing circulating fluidised bed combustor units, as well as attempts to scale up present units to larger ones, are mainly based on empirical correlation or simplified scaling laws.
We found that the difference in allele frequency at the PHYC locus (Fig. 5B) exceeded the simple effect of drift and sampling based on empirical (P<0.02) or model-based distribution of differentiation (p<0.001).
Scientific explanations are based on empirical observations or experiments.
Standard analysis is usually based on empirical methods or on continuous simulations.
These two issues were always investigated based on empirical approaches or testing methods.
Debris-flow hazard assessment schemes are commonly based on empirical, physical, or numerical methods and techniques.
Scientific explanations are based on empirical observations or experiments 0.69 0.02 −0.00 2. Because science is based upon empirical evidence it is both testable and refutable 0.64 −0.06260.06 26.
Surprisingly, process development is often still based on empirical studies or experience; recently high-throughput screening stations are employed to minimize development time and to improve screening quality.
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