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The majority of these models are based on either empirical heuristics or rules.
Models currently available for a PEM fuel cell are based on either empirical or 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Currently, models used are based on either empirical equations or electric equivalent circuit components with voltage sources or a combination of the two.
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Two approaches were used to detect candidate loci for selection based on either the empirical distribution of standardized heterozygosity (Kauer et al. 2003) or the simulated distribution of FST (Foll and Gaggiotti 2008).
Such QM methods are typically based on either semi-empirical calculations [29] or ab initio methods using fractional approaches, e.g., the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method or the molecular fractionation with conjugate caps (MFCC) and related methods [30, 31].
All of these techniques were based on either parametric or empirical correlations, which require a prior knowledge of the functional form.
Simulation results based on either coalescent models or empirical population genetics data show that the QSAT has a correct type I error rate in the presence of population stratification and that the power of the QSAT is higher than that of family-based association designs.
However, researchers cannot give a definite answer based on either existing theories or empirical research.
The volume of utilized wood products is calculated using input-output analyses based on either official statistics [43], or empirical studies [44].
All these issues can be expected to influence results, based on either theoretical predictions or on empirical findings.
The volume of utilized wood products is calculated using input-output analyses based on either official statistics [ 43], or empirical studies [ 44].
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