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At present, gemcitabine is favored as the backbone for chemotherapy in biliary tract cancers, based on efficacy studies.
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) were approved for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) treatment based on efficacy studies, which showed a decrease in HbA1c, by 0.8-1.5 0.8-1.5proved insulin sensitivity [ 1, 2].
A review of 19 surveys between 1982 to 1995, looking into the referral patterns of physicians to CAM practitioners, highlighted the fact that decisions need to be based on efficacy studies, rather than "regional economics and cultural norms", and "somewhere between over enthusiastic belief and stubborn disbelief is a balanced perspective that will help patients and advance medical science" [ 32].
However, much of the evidence is based on efficacy studies of individual interventions rather than on testing of the delivery of multiple interventions in more typical field settings., Community-based approaches are one of the most important avenues for improving child health.
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Specifically, the recently defined "animal rule," allows licensure based on efficacy results of studies performed in well-defined animal models that reflect the human disease (reviewed in ref. 13).
Atomoxetine is usually considered the second line treatment, followed by other non-stimulants like bupropion, guanfacine, modafinil and tricyclic antidepressents, based on efficacy outcomes in controlled studies in different age groups [ 239, 261- 264].
Sinha and colleagues [ 24] assessed cost-effectiveness of childhood pneumococcal vaccination in the 72 GAVI-eligible countries, based on efficacy data from the Gambian clinical study [ 8].
Future studies will tell whether one agent is superior to the others based on efficacy and side effects.
The protective cut-off level was set at ≥10 mIU/mL for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) based on vaccine efficacy studies [ 3].
Based on previous efficacy studies at our institute, we hypothesized that we would need about six patients in the intervention group.
Our paper is based on an efficacy study of the newly developed Learning and Teaching Geometry (LTG) video-based mathematics professional development (Seago et al. 2017), including whether it produces a beneficial impact on teachers' mathematics knowledge, classroom teaching practices, and their students' knowledge in the domain of geometry.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com